关于ICAO英语的一些愚见（针对level 4）

来源： 詹龙的日志
准备ICAO英语考试时总结了不少，在此把总结的内容上传分享一下。手打难免错漏，请见谅，我只是一名刚毕业的飞行学员 关于专业知识理解不到位之处还请帮忙纠正
考的是语言能力 不需要很专业 因为考官本身也不是专业的飞行员 只要有一些关于飞行的普遍认知就好 有一定的专业知识就好
做最充足的准备 应对考试应该是得心应手的 考试的听力比较清晰 而且比平时自己训练的听力简单 语速较慢 并且没有BACKGROUND WHISTLE
这个是英语学习 所以多听多说才是硬道理 就应试而言 多听录音 多听陆空通话 就提高语言能力而言 多看美剧 多模仿 多听英文歌 多开口说 纠正发音 语气 断句等
前三部分只有自己练习 第四部分可以外力帮助提高更快
只是本人一些愚见 不足为据啊
祝逢考必过


下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）

OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wrap up



一） vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)

对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳

三个应答机特殊编码 ：编码自己查 不便说。从小到大分别是hijack , radio failure , distress conditions

PAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：

PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situation

MAYDAY：need assistance immediately distress situation

乘务员 flight/cabin attendant 驾驶舱职权梯度 cockpit authority gradient

机库 hangar 接通/断开自驾 engage/disengage AP

地形 terrain 人因 human factors

活物 牲畜 livestock 绕飞 detour

界面 交界处 inte***ce 修改 modify amend

试车 engine runup 烂泥 slush

减速 妨碍 retard 积累 accumulation

湿度 humidity 降雨量 precipitation

气喘asthma 腹泻 diarrhea

调度 签派 dispatch 信号员 marshaller

开往 驶往 Bound for 放油 fuel dump jettison

预期anticipate 污染 contaminate

外形 configuration 致命的 fatal

分院 branch flight college 炸药 dynamite

手榴弹grenade 恢复 revert

Human error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mistake leads to another to another to another which leads to an accident

IRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统

干预 interfere 配件 附件 accessory

气动的pneumatic 有形的 具体的 concrete

临界的 marginal 连续 touch and go

起落 Traffic circuit 补充 replenish

全停 full stop 物质 物品 substance

拉紧 绷紧 strain 踝关节ankle 肘部 elbow

对正跑道 align the runway POB: people onboard

改装训练 transition training 劫机犯 hijacker

陆空对话 radiotelephony communication

前轮转弯机构 nose wheel steering 执行 execute 疏散 evacuation

机长的四条杠的含义： 1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility

提供饮食及服务 cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）

RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能

RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度

二）几个主要系统组成及功用

1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。

Tricycle gear arrangement 前三点 shock strut 减震支柱 bumper减震器

Manual extension handles 人工放下起落架手柄

Nose wheel arrangement advantages:

1) it allows more forceful application of brakes for higher landing speed without nosing over.

2) it permits better visibility for the pilots during landing and taxing

3) it tends to prevent aircraft from ground-looping by moving the C.G forward of the main gear.

Landing gear safety devises :

1) Mechanical downlock----------to prevent accidental operation of the mechanical downlocks, electrically operated safety switches are installed.

2) Safety switches-----------------The torque links spread apart or move together as the shock strut piston extends or retracts in its cylinder.

3） Ground lock----------------one common type of a pin installed in aligned holes drilled in 2 or more units of the landing gear support structure.



2 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

第四部分里面有一张图是关于hydraulic system的，建议这个系统多熟悉一下

Units commonly operated by hydraulic system :

Landing gears , wing flaps , slats , speed and wheel brakes , nose wheel steering ,

Primary flight su***ces



hydraulic system components:

an engine driven pump , a filter , a reservoir , a pressure regulator , an accumulator ,

a pressure gauge , a relief valve , an emergency pump , two check valves ,

a selector valve , an actuating cylinder



operation

the engine driven pump which is directly coupled to the engine will operate when the engine is running. The pump draws fluid from reservoir and expels to the system through the filter and a check valve and the pressure can be built up. the pressure regulator unloads or relieves the engine driven pump when the desired pressure in the system achieved . thus it’s often referred to as an unloading valve.In the event of malfunction of pressure regulator , the relief valve will release any pressure above that maintained by the regulator.



3 AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSSURIZATION SYSTEM

The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maintain a safe and comfortable cabin environment. Some of the air conditioning systems installed in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air. These are called air cycle system.

Function of air conditioning system:

To maintain a comfortable temperature within the fuselage. In a typical system the temperature is measured and compared to the desired setting of the temperature controls.

1 supply ventilation air

2 supply heated air

3 supply cooled air

Function of cabin pressure control system:

To provide cabin pressure regulation , pressure relief , vacuum relief ,and the means of selecting the desired cabin altitude.



4 WINGTIP DEVICES-----------improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft, intended effect id always to reduce the drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips.



5 APU-------AUXILIARY POWER UNIT

Function----- to provide power to start the main engines. Turbine engines must be accelerated to a high rotational speed in order to provide sufficient air compression for self-sustaining operation. Before engines are to be turned, the APU is started, generally by a battery or hydraulic accumulator. Once the APU is running, it provides power (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depending on the design) to start the aircraft's main engines.

APUs fitted to ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operations) aircraft are a critical safety device, as they supply backup electricity and compressed air in place of the dead engine or failed main engine generator.



三）特勤处置

先说一下CRM-----COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT



CRM 包括4部分

1：establish good communication with crew members , so that we can prevent and correct any mistakes.

2：take full advantage of the facilities onboard and the ground navaids.

3：operate the aircraft strictly according to the manual and SOPs.

4：comply with the aviation regulations.



关于EMERGENCY ，处置

stay calm ,maintain the right configuration and attitude.
the crew members should accomplish each other’s own duty, find the cause and do the right checklist , follow standard procedures.
report to ATC your location , situation onboard, and intention. Request landing priority if possible.
这里只是提供一个大致框架，具体特勤具体分析，如ENGINE FAILURE, BOMB ONBOARD,GEAR JAM等，具体的细节就只有自己去丰满。



关于SICK PASSENGER ONBOARD的处置：

have the cabin attendant to take first aid
inform the passengers to find if there’s doctor onboard so that we can ask for help
inform the ATC, request landing priority or divert to the nearest suitable airport, and request ambulance and doctors ready at landing
我在考试的时候遇到关于SUFFER FROM HEART ATTACK的乘客



四）口试

OPI的前三部分只会涉及很少的专业问题，所以这三部分可以一起来看和准备。说的直白一点，这几部分就是和考官扯淡，但是扯淡要注意尺度，不要使劲扯，扯淡变成扯蛋会有一点痛的。这里部分会过渡到一些飞行相关的问题。分院，飞行经历，所飞机型，小时数，所遇特勤，职业特性，基本可以概括为一次完整的飞行过程。建议考前写一篇关于自己飞行的文章，涵盖以上一些信息。到时候遇到可以触类旁通，把你准备的说出来。同时也是做一个引导，引导考官就你的信息中挖掘问题，这样会比较占主动性。

E.G:

That choosing to be a pilot as my career makes me proud and makes my family proud. This is a noble job. Come on, think about it. Because of our works, a boy can meet his bonny lass, a father back from business trip can give his daughter a warm hug, businessmen can sign their contracts in time, and packages are delivered to your door on time. All these give me a feeling of success, a feeling of happiness. And besides, this is a job with good salary and comparatively high social status. I used to consider that it’s easy to be a pilot. You know, just like the unprofessional people thinks: pilots engage the AP after takeoff, then planned route, planned level, planned everything. All the pilots need to do is disengaging the AP when the aircraft comes to the short final, and make a perfect landing, taxi to the right gate. That’s all. It looks easy and seems that everybody can do that. But I’ve changed my mind after all the things I’ve been through in the GUANGHAN flight college where I actually learnt how to control and manage an aircraft and how to be a professional pilot. There’s a long way to go, and that takes time. The very first rule I learn is to be patient, always. And there is a “13-hours-checkride” which is set to check whether the student is skillful or talented enough to be a pilot. This is a cruel check for the students, and some are doomed to fail. I sweated my shirt and the headphone that day in the cockpit. But lucky me, I passed. This is the most precious treasure in my life that I wish I would never experience again.



附加：各个系统词汇

Air Conditioning System

PACK空调主件 HOT BLEED AIR热引气

OUTLET DUCT外流管 BYPASS VALVE旁通活门 RAM AIR 冲压空气

INLET SCOOP 进气口 TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气

EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇 GUARDED FLAP 有保护盖的导片

BLOWER 鼓风机 EXTRCTOR排风扇 OVERBOARD 机外

ONBOARD机上 OPEN-CIRCUIT开路 CLOSED-CIRCUIT闭路

CONFIGURATION 形态 PASSENGER LOAD乘客载荷 DOWNSTREAM下游

STANDING WATER积水 ATLN（ALTERNATE）备份C HANNEL通道

PNEUMATIC气源 DUAL 双的 SWITCH OVER交换

PRE-COOLER预冷机 COOLANT冷却剂 AMBER琥珀色

VENTILATION通风 CIRCUIT BREAKER跳开关 PRESSURIZATION （增压）

FLAPPER VALVES 瓣状活门 PROFILE 剖面 TOGGLE 扳钮开关

VACUUM 真空 ISAO BARIC 等压 BAROMETRIC 气压

PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差 ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压

STBY （STANDBY）备份 DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电

DITCH 水上迫降 SUPERCHARGER 增压器 INADVERTENT 偶然的

LEAKAGE 漏、渗 APRON 停机坪 CEILING 顶板 ACCESSORY 副件

THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆 CRUISE 巡航

NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门 POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压

AIRPORT ELEVATION 机场标高 AUTOPILOT（自动驾驶）

MOMENTUM 动量 MIMICKING 模仿 GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板



Performance

ACTUATORS 制动器 SURVEILLANCE 监视 QUADRANT 油门操纵杆

FLEX（FLEXIBLE）灵活的

MCT（MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST） 最大连续推力

ELEVATORS 升降舵 AILERON 副翼 N***AID 助航

SID（STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE） 标准仪表离场

STAR（STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE）标准进场程序

MISSED APPROACH （GO AROUND） 复飞

DYNAMIC 动力的 AUGMENTATION 增加、增益

FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线

CDU（CONTOL DISPLAY UNIT）控制显示组件

FMA（FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR）飞行方式显示器

ADIRS（AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM）大气数据及惯性基准系统

MCP（MODE CONTROL PANEL）方式控制面板

GPS（GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM）全球定位系统

FLARE 平飘 TOUCHDOWN 接地点 FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵

ACELEROMETER 加速器 ALIGNMENT 对准、校准

SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达 GYROSCOPE 陀螺

THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度 REVERSE 反推

ARM 预位 FPA（FLIGHT PATH ANGLE）飞行航径角 LOCALIZER 航向道

IDLE 慢车DETENT 卡位FPV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航径矢量

CRM（COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT）驾驶舱资源管理

PF（PILOT-FLIGHT）把杆飞行员

PFD（PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY）主飞行显示 PULLEY 滑轮 ROLL 滑跑

SCROLL 翻动、卷起 SLEW 上下选页 VELOCITY 速度

DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机

ALPHA/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母/数字键盘

DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据

TROPOPAUSE 对流层顶 ALIGNMENT 校准

EFOB（ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD） 预计机上燃油

ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING）预计到达时间

ADC（AIR DATA COMPUTER）大气数据计算机

CRT（CATHODE RAY TUBE）阴极射线管

LSK（LINE SELECT KEY）行选键 TERMINAL AREA 终端区域

COORDINATE 经纬度 RNVA AREA N***IGATION 区域导航 EN-ROUTE 在航路上

CFDS（CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM）集中显示系统

VIBRATIONS 振动 IMPULSES 脉冲 CURVATURE 弯曲 曲度

TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机

INTERPHONE 内话机 EVACUATION 疏散

KNOB 旋钮 BUZZER 蜂鸣声



FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

REJECTED T/O 中断起飞 CONVENTIONAL 通用的

WHEEL 驾驶盘 COLUMN 驾驶杆 PEDAL 脚蹬

SURFACE 舵面 RUDDER 方向舵 SPEED-BRAKE 减速板

FLAP 襟翼 STAB TRIM 调整片 OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门

AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器 CENTERING MECHANI*** 定中机械 SWEEP BACK 后掠

SPOILER 扰流板 JAM 卡阻 ROLL 滚转（横滚） PITCH 俯仰

STABILIZER 安定面 YAW 偏航 YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪

LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴 VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴 LATERAL AXIS 横轴

ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒 AIRFOIL 翼部面

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵

HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置

TRAILING EDGE（TE）后缘 LEADING EDGE（LE）前缘

POWER TRANSFER UNIT（PTU）动力传输装置 STALL 失速

MANEUVER 机动飞行 INBOARD 内侧 OURBOARD 外侧

SLOTTED 开缝的 THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼 DRAG 阻力

COMPARATOR 比较仪 ROLL RATE 滚转率 MIXER 混合器

DEFLECTION 偏转 AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦

TORQUE 扭力 JACK 千斤顶



FIRE PROTECTION

OVERHEAT 超温 FIRE DETECTION 探火 FIRE DETECTION LOOP 探火环

FIRE ALERT 火警戒 FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路

WARNING BELL 火警铃 GROUND PROXIMITY 近地

ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM （EICAS）发动机指示和机组警戒系统

ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱 CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱

MALFUNCTION 失效 ***OKE DETECTION 烟雾探测 LOCK DOWN 下锁

SHUTDOWN 关车 UNLOCK 开锁 TRIP 跳开关

THRUST REVERSER 反推 CARBON DIOXIDE（CO2）二氧化碳 TOXICITY 毒性



ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

GENERATE 发电 DISTRIBUTE 配电 ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源

VOLTAGE 电压 PHASE 相 BUS 汇流条

TRANSＦＯＲＭER RECTIFIER UNIT（TRU）变压整流器

LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路 EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源

STANDBY POWER 备用电源 ONBOARD 机载

STATIC INVERTER 静变流机 BATTERY 电瓶 FREQUENCY 电频

RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机

ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机

BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器

LOAD 载荷、电荷 TRIP OFF 跳开 CHARGE 充电

SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条 SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条

BUS TIE BREAKER （BTB）汇流条连接断路器

GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT（GCU）发动机控制组件

MONITOR 监控 DIVISION 分配



FUEL

INNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱 INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱

WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼/机身结构 WING TIP 翼尖

FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴 VENT SURGE TANK 通风（防震动）油箱

SPILLAGE 溢出 DIVERT 转向 GROSS WEIGHT （GW）全重

E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DISPLAY 发动机警告指示

CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门

CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结 SURGE TANK 通风油箱



HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

RESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库 FILTER 滤器、滤纸

ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器 EXPEL 排出、赶出

PISTON 活塞 CHARGE 释放、放出 WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置

NOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面

PRESSURE REGULATOR 调压器

EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵CHECK VALVE 单向活门

SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门

PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值BALL VALVE 球形活门

RETURN LINE 回油管路 SPRAY 喷、向……喷射

PERFORATE 穿孔于 HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统

WINDSHIELD 风挡 ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩

STATIC PORT 静压口 BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击

AOA（THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK）迎角

TAT（TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE）全温

SAT（STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE）静温



EIS（电子仪表系统）

ATTENTION GATTER 提醒灯 CHRONOGRAPH 记时器

ELAPSED TIME 已飞时间 PARAMETER 参数 CHECKLIST 检查单

DISPENSE WITH 省略 UN-CLUTTER 混乱 SIDE SLIP 侧滑

UTC（COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME）协调世界时

SCHEMATIC 图解形式 EADI 电子姿态指示器 EHSI 水平状态指示器

BEARING POINTER 方位指针 DECISION HEIGHT 决断高度

ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER） 自动定向机

INTERFACE 界面、接口 REFERENCE LINE 参考线

DFDR（DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER）数字式飞行数据记录器

RAW DATA 原始数据AIDS 飞机集成数据系统

ECAM（ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR ）电子飞机集中监控



LANDING GEAR

GROUND LOOP 打地转 NOSE OVER 拿大顶 MARGIN 斜度

CHOCK 轮挡 BUNGEE CORD 弹簧索（减震支柱）

SHOCK ABSORBER 减震器、缓冲器 RUBBER BLOCK 橡皮块（减震器）

OIL-AIR STRUT 油气式减震支柱 TAILWHEEL GEAR 后三点式起落架

TRICYCLE GEAR 前三点式起落架 ANTISKID 防滑装置 SHOCK STRUT 减震支柱



N***IGATION

DEW POINT 露点 NOISE ABATEMENT 减噪

VOR（VERY-HIGH-FREGUENCY OMINI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE）甚高频全向信标

VOR ORIENTATION VOR 定向、定位 THRESHOLD 跑道入

AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE UNITS（ADIRU）大气数据惯性基准组件

DIGITAL DISTANCE AND RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR （DDRMI）数字距离无线电磁指示器

GPWS（GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM） 近地警告系统

ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER）自动定向仪

DME（DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT）测距仪

PFV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航经引导

TCAS（TRAFFIC AND COLLISION ***OIDANCE SYSTEM）空中交通避撞系统

CAGING KNOB 锁定旋钮

AIR MISS 危险接近 APUAUXILIARY POWER UNIT辅助动力装置）

GAUGE 表 INDUCTION SYSTEM 进气系统 TRANSITION 过渡

FACILITY 设施 MSA（MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE）最低安全高度

PLAN VIEW 平面图 OUTBOUND 背台HOLDING 等待

MOCA 最低超障高度 MAP 复飞点

LDA 可用着陆距离 MLS 微波着陆系统 SDF 简易定向设施

PAR 初始进近雷达 MSL 平均海平面 TEARDROP PATTERN 修正角

HAT 高出接地点的高 HAA 高出机场的高 MEA 最小航路高 RVR 跑道视程

ROTATE 抬轮 STICK SHAKER 抖杆 OVERSHOOT 目测过高

字太多 懒得看